SOLVING MAGNETOSPHERIC ACCELERATION, RECONNECTION AND TURBULENCE

SPACE WEATHER : REAL TIME

LINK TO FORECAST DATA

These are the latest observations from NASA and NOAA real time space weather monitors:

UPDATED: Fri Oct 11 09:50:24 UTC 2024

STATUS

INDEX

Polar Cap Potential (PCP)

The "Boyle Index" is keyed to the estimated instantaneous asymptotic polar cap potential voltage, the single most important measure of electrical power delivered to the atmosphere from the solar wind:

PCP = GREEN < 150 kV >= YELLOW < 200 kV* >= RED

Predicted Kp (PKP)

Neural network index based on the most recent "predicted" Kp geomagnetic activity:

PKp = GREEN <= 4 > YELLOW <= 6 > RED

Kp (KP)

This index is based on the most recent USAF/NOAA estimated planetary geomagnetic activity (Kp) 3-hour index:

Kp = GREEN <= 4 > YELLOW <= 6 > RED

* The PCP status is changed to red only if the current 10-minute average exceeds 200 kV AND the previous 10-minute average exceeds 150 kV. This is designed to reduce shifts in status due to short-term spikes in the value of the potential.

REAL TIME SOLAR WIND

The real time space weather data uses the last good received set of measurements from the Real Time Solar Wind site at the Space Weather Prediction Center.

Real-Time Solar Wind (RTSW) data refers to data from any spacecraft located upwind of Earth, typically orbiting the L1 Lagrange point, that is being tracked by the Real-Time Solar Wind Network of tracking stations. The NOAA/DSCOVR satellite became the operational RTSW spacecraft on July 27, 2016 at 1600UT (noon EDT, 10am MDT).

SWPC maintains the ability to instantaneously switch the spacecraft that provides the RTSW data. During times of outages in DSCOVR data or problems with the data, the data may then come from the NASA/ACE spacecraft.

REAL TIME DIALS

On the dial background color schemes, green indicates that values in this range are unlikely to disturb the near-Earth space environment. Yellow indicates that values in this range may contribute to disturbances, and Red indicates that values in this range are likely to drive disturbances. This scheme is valid for all dials except the "Log[Beta]" dial for which a different scheme applies.

DIAL

MEASUREMENT

sw_density

Solar Wind Density (Measured)

This quantity is the number of solar wind protons per unit volume as measured by the ACE Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM).

sw_speed

Solar Wind Speed (Measured)

This quantity is the average (bulk) speed of solar wind protons as measured by ACE/SWEPAM. This is the solar wind speed just as the bulk speed of air molecules is the wind speed we know here on the surface of the Earth.

avg_press

Solar Wind Pressure (Derived)

This quantity is the solar wind ram pressure, the force per unit area required to stop the solar wind flow. This is similar in concept to the force a surface wind exerts on a sail. The solar wind ram pressure depends on the solar wind speed and density.

temperature

Solar Wind Temperature (Measured)

This quantity is the temperature of protons in the solar wind. It is measured by ACE/SWEPAM.

imf_magnitude

Interplanetary Magnetic Field Magnitude (Measured)

This quantity is the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) as measured by the ACE Magnetometer (MAG).

imf_clock

Interplanetary Magnetic Field Polar Angle (Derived)

This quantity is the angle between the IMF and the geomagnetic axis. When the IMF is southward, antiparallel fields near the magnetospheric subsolar point allow merging between the IMF and geomagnetic fields. This process increases the transport of solar wind mass, momentum, and energy into the Earth's magnetosphere. This process can also open the magnetosphere to solar energetic particle radiation. In severe conditions this radiation can threaten high altitude aircraft in high latitude and polar regions. Under less severe conditions this radiation can still threaten polar orbiting spacecraft. This quantity depends on IMF components measured by ACE/MAG.

imf_azimuth

Interplanetary Magnetic Field Azimuth (Derived)

This quantity is the direction of the IMF perpendicular to the geomagnetic axis. This affects the details of solar wind-magnetosphere interactions; however, this is of tertiary importance compared to the IMF magnitude and polar angle. This quantity also depends on IMF components measured by ACE/MAG.

convection

Voltage Across the Polar Cap / Convection Potential (Derived)

This quantity measures the solar wind energy input to the magnetosphere that drives magnetospheric convection. It appears as an electric potential imposed across the polar ionosphere. The quantity shown here is an estimate of the asymptotic convection potential based on ACE/SWEPAM and ACE/MAG measurements as well as the work of Boyle, et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 111, 1997.) This estimate is asymptotic because it does not account for the time delays such as those imposed by friction between the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere.

thermal_energy

Thermal Energy Density: (Derived)

This quantity is the heat content of the solar wind. It takes into account both solar wind density and temperature and can be translated into solar wind thermal pressure. This quantity is generally less important than either the solar wind ram pressure or the solar wind (IMF) magnetic pressure.

log_beta

Log[Beta]: (Derived)

Beta is the ratio between the thermal and magnetic energy densities in the solar wind; this ratio controls whether particle thermal processes or magnetic processes dominate the behavior of the plasma. The base-10 logarithm of Beta is shown on the dial. The blue portion of the dial shows when magnetic processes govern solar wind structures; the purple portion shows when thermal processes govern these structures.

alfven_speed

Alfven Speed (Derived)

This quantity is the propagation speed of shear Alfven (intermediate mode) magnetohydrodynamic waves in the solar wind.

sound_speed

Sound Speed: (Derived)

This quantity is the propagation speed of gas-dynamic (sound) waves in the solar wind. Although collision rates are generally so low in the solar wind that classic sound waves do not travel effectively, this quantity is necessary for calculating the propagation speeds of compressional Alfven (fast and slow mode) magnetohydrodynamic waves in the solar wind. The magnetohydrodynamic waves together allow the use of gas-dynamic approximations to describe portions of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction.

alfven_mach

Alfven Mach Number (Derived)

This quantity is the ratio between the solar wind speed and the Alfven speed. This normally controls the type of bow shock required to divert the solar wind around the magnetosphere. This bow shock is similar to the shock in front of a supersonic airplane that generates a "sonic boom" when the shock passes an observer.

mach_number

Mach Number (Derived)

This quantity is the classic Mach number, the ratio between the solar wind speed and the gasdynamic sound speed. This quantity controls the bow shock when the solar wind plasma is in a high-Beta (Log[Beta]>0) state.

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